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rendering koh kuan eng's picture books in proper romanisation

monday, august 3rd, 2026


in 2013, teochew social worker koh kuan eng (許光榮 khóu kuang-êng) published a series of simple picture books in various minority sinitic languages. officially titled "let's speak hokkien / teochew / cantonese / hakka / hainanese", with the words "my first book of hokkien / teochew / cantonese / hakka / hainanese words" printed on the cover, each book contained fifty illustrations of everyday objects, with their names in both english and their target sinitic language written below the picture. ostensibly intended to teach young children basic vocabulary in these languages, these books had the potential to be a much-needed resource in the preservation of singapore's minority sinitic languages.

that is, if it was possible to read them.

as far as i can tell, koh kuan eng lacks any sort of formal training in linguistics. i usually try to refrain from editorialising here, but koh's lack of expertise is painfully obvious when it comes to the ad-hoc transcriptions that he employs in his books. his romanisations use features from a vast multitude of conflicting orthographies, from faux-pinyin tone marks to anglicised singapore government romanisation-style transcriptions to even wade-giles-esque vowels. even within the same book, the same sound can be represented a dozen different ways. the result is a complete and utter mess of jumbled-up characters which could represent any number of possible sounds. if you don't believe me, i've included the original romanisations at the bottom of the page so you can see for yourself.

this is not intended to be an attack on koh. his books are a valiant effort in language preservation, and i'm sure that he tried his best to be as internally consistent as possible with his romanisations. so to help him out, i've gone through his books and converted them to systematic orthographies, complete with their appropriate chinese characters. this will hopefully help readers to more easily and accurately pronounce the terms in his books.



the revised romanisation

englishhokkien
(pe̍h-oē-jī)
teochew
(pe̍h-uē-jī)
cantonese
(jyut⁶ping³)
hakka
(pha̍k-fa-sṳ)
hainanese
(béh-oe-tu)
apple苹果phêng-kó苹果phêng-kué蘋果ping⁴gwo²蘋果phìn-kuó阿布a-bū
egg雞蛋koe-nn̄g雞蛋koi-nṳ̃ng雞蛋gai¹daan²雞春kê-chhûn雞蛋koi-nuī
ice creamice 淇淋ai-sī-kî-lîm霜糕sṳng-ko雪條syut³tiu²雪糕siet-kâu冰淇淋peng-khî-lîm
toothbrush齒漱khí-chhiù齒漱khí-tshiù牙刷ngaa⁴caat²牙刷ngà-chhat牙刷kê-toat
diamond宣石soān-chio̍h宣石suāng-tsio̍h鑽石zyun³sek⁶宣石soán-sa̍k宣石soân-chiō
housefly戶蠅hô·-sî戶蠅hôu-sêng烏蠅wu¹jing⁴烏蠅vû-yìn戶蠅hôu-thiân
radioradiole-lio收音機siu-im-ki收音機sau¹jam¹gei¹收音機sû-yîm-kîradiole-lio
pencil鉛筆iân-pit鉛筆êng-pek鉛筆jyun⁴bat¹鉛筆yàn-pit鉛筆în-pit
spoon湯匙thng-sî湯匙thṳng-sî匙羹ci⁴gang¹湯匙thông-chhì頭羹khâu-keng
banana金蕉kim-chio弓蕉keng-tsio香蕉hoeng¹ziu¹弓蕉kiûng-châu弓蕉kiang-chio
tomato紅毛茄âng-mô·-kiô番茄huang-kiô番茄faan¹ke²紅毛茄fùng-mô-khiò紅茄âng-kiô
ricepn̄gpūngfaan⁶fonbuī
baguette尖頭 rotichiam-thâu lô-ti尖頭 rotitsiam-thâu lô-ti尖頭 rotizim¹tau⁴ lo⁴di¹尖頭 rotichiâm-thèu lò-tî尖頭 rotichiam-khâu lô-ti
toilet paper放屎紙pàng-sái-choá脚倉紙kha-tshṳng-tsuá廁紙ci³zi²捽手紙chhu̍t-séu-chṳ́肛門紙kong-mâng-toá
grapes葡萄phû-tô葡萄phû-thô葡提子pou⁴tai⁴zi²葡萄phù-thàu葡萄子pû-khâu-chí
cup茶杯tê-poe茶杯tê-puebui¹茶杯chhà-puî茶盅lê-chiang
computer電腦tiān-náu電腦tiãng-náu電腦din⁶nou²電腦thien-náu電腦tian-nâu
curry puffkari 卜ka-li po̍kkari 卜ka-li po̍kkari 卜gaa³lei¹ bok¹kari 卜kâ-lî po̍kkari 卜ka-lî-pók
doll翁公子ang-kong-kiáⁿ翁公子ang-kong-kiáⁿ公仔gung¹zai²人公仔ngìn-kûng-chái翁公子ang-kong-kiá
watch手錶chhiú-pió手錶chhiú-pio手錶sau²biu¹手錶sú-péu手錶siú-piáu
belt褲帶khò·-toà褲帶khòu-tuà皮帶pei⁴daai²褲帶fu-tai褲帶khòu-doà
pacifier奶推ni-tû奶推ni-tû奶嘴naai⁵zeoi²奶嘴nen-choi奶頭niān-khâu
key鎖匙só-sî鎖匙só-sî鎖匙so²si⁴鎖匙só-sṳ́鎖匙tó-tî
float泅水圈siû-chuí-khoan泅浴siû-e̍k-khuang泳圈wing⁶hyun¹游泳圈yù-yún-khiân碰浴圈phòng-zak-kho
screw螺絲lô-si螺絲lô-si螺絲lo⁴si¹螺絲lò-sṳ̂螺絲lô-si
marbleguligo-líguligo-lí波子bo¹zi²gulingò-lîguligo-lí
lemon檸檬lêng-mông檸檬lêng-mông檸檬ning⁴mung⁴檸檬lê-móng檸檬lêng-mōng
balloon風球hong-kiû氣球khì-kiû氣球hei³kau⁴氣球hi-khiùbelonbê-lūn
carrot紅菜頭âng-chhài-thâu紅菜頭âng-tshài-thâu蘿蔔lo⁴baak⁶紅菜頭fùng-chhoi-thèu紅菜頭âng-sài-khâu
lamptengtengdang¹têndeng
rulerchhiohtshiohcek³chhaksio
hatmou²molōi
plaster黏布liâm-pò·膏藥布ko-io̍h-pòu膏布gou¹bou²膏布kâu-pu膏藥布kau-iō-pù
watermelon西瓜si-koe西瓜si-kue西瓜sai¹gwaa¹西瓜sî-koâ西瓜tai-kue
candle蠟燭la̍h-chek蠟燭la̍h-tsek蠟燭laap⁶zuk¹蠟燭la̍p-chuk蠟燭lā-chiak
chilli辛椒hiam-chio辛椒hiam-tsio辣椒laat⁶ziu¹辣椒lat-chiâu番椒hun-chio
crabchîmhõihaai⁵老蟹lo-háihōi
orange juice橙汁chhiâm-chiap柑汁kaⁿ-tsap橙汁caang²zap¹橙汁chhṳ̀n-chṳp橙汁sêng-chiap
envelope批囊phoe-lông信封sèng-huang信封seon³fung¹信封sin-fûng皮囊phoê-lông
calendar曆日la̍h-ji̍t曆日la̍h-ji̍k月曆jyut⁶lik⁶日曆ngit-la̍k曆日láh-zít
butterfly尾蝶boé-ia̍h尾蝶bué-ia̍h蝴蝶wu⁴dip²蝴蝶fù-tiap尾蝶voé-iáh
ribbonribbonle-binribbonle-beng絲帶si¹daai²ribbonlê-bînribbonle-bin
flip-flops淺拖chhián-thoa鞋拖ôi-thua拖鞋to¹haai²拖鞋thô-hài鞋靸ôi-ta
matchstick火排hoé-pâi火柴hué-tshâ火柴fo²caai⁴火柴fó-chhài火揭hoé-koat
ice cube霜角sng-kak霜角sng-kaksyut³雪塊siet-khoai冰塊peng-hoài
kettle茶鑽tê-kó·滾水爐kóng-chuí-lôu茶壺caa⁴wu²銅煲thùng-pô茶瓶dê-phêng
hammer鐵槌thih-thuî鐵槌thih-thuî錘仔ceoi⁴zai²鐵槌thiet-chhùi鐵槌khī-khuî
steamboat暖爐loán-lô·暖爐juáng-lôu打邊爐daa²bin¹lou⁴火爐fó-lù燒爐tio-lôu
love letter雞蛋捲koe-nn̄g-kńg雞蛋捲koi-nṳ̃ng kauh雞蛋捲gai¹daan²gyun²雞春捲kê-chhûn-kián雞蛋捲koi-nuî-kián
pineapple tart王萊 tartông-lâi ta̍t王萊 tartuâng-lâi ta̍t黃梨 tartwong⁴lai² dat¹黃梨 tartvòng-lì tat王萊 tartoāng-lâi tát



the original romanisation

englishhokkienteochewcantonesehakkahainanese
applepǐng-kòpěng-kwàirpěng-guópíng-kǒuāh-bù
eggkuāy-nēnggoī-nénggāi-tánkāe-chóongōi-nuī
ice creamāi-sěe-kee-līmsn̄g-kōrshěet-tiéwshiět-kāopēng-hěe-lǐm
toothbrushkée-chěwkée-chěwngǎ-zhátngá-tzǎtgǎy-tuàt
diamondsuǎn-jìohsuǎng-jìokjūn-sěksuàn-sàksuàn-jìok
houseflyhǒr-séehǒu-sēngwū-yēngwú-yǐnghǒu-diǎn
radiolāy-lēosiēw-yīm-kēesāo-yūm-gāesiēw-yīng-kēelāy-liòh
pencilyǎn-pěetěng-pǐkyěen-pàtyéan-pěetyeǎn-pèet
spoontn̄g-séetn̄g-sēeqǐ-gāngtóng-sǐhhǒw-géng
bananakīm-jīogēng-jīohhiōng-jiēwkīong-jiāokāng-jíoh
tomatoǎng-mǒ-kíohuāng-kīohfūn-káefǒong-móu-kiǎoǎng-kīoh
ricepňgpňgfǔnfònpnuí
baguettejiām-tǎo-lǒ-tēejiām-tǎo-lǒh-tēejēem-tǎo-lǒ-tēejiām-tóh-lǒ-tèejiām-hǎo-lǒh-tèe
toilet paperpàng-sái-zuàkāh-chn̄g-zuàqī-zéechìh-sǒw-tsěkōng-mǎng-tuǎh
grapespǒot-tóhpǒo-tōrpǒu-tǎi-zéepǒo-tǒwfǒo-hǒ-zhèe
cuptǎy-puāytǎe-pwāirpwēetzhǎ-pwēelǎy-jiáng
computerdiǎn-nàodiǎng-nàodǐn-nóutiàn-nǒudiàn-nǎo
curry puffkā-lēe-pòkkā-lēe-pòkkā-lēi-pòkkā-lēe-pòkkā-lěe-pùp
dollāng-kōng-kiàāng-kōng-kiàkōng-záinǐng-góng-zǎiǎng-kōng-kiǎ
watchchéw-pīochēw-pīohsáo-pīusìu-piāosīu-bìoh
beltkòr-tuǎkòu-tuǎpěi-dáikù-dàihòu-tuǎ
pacifiernēe-túnēe-túnāi-joínàen-joìniàn-hǒw
keysóh-séesór-sēesór-sěesǒw-sǐhtōh-tēe
floatsǐu-jwée-kwānsǐu-ěgg-kuāngwěng-huēnyóu-yǒn-khiānbōng-yǎk-hóu
screwlǒh-sēelǒr-sēelǒr-sēelǒw-sīhlǒh-sée
marblegǒ-lèegǒr-lèebōr-zéengǒh-léegǒ-lèe
lemonlěng-mōnglěng-mōnglěng-mōnglǎy-mōnglěng-mòng
balloonhōng-kíukèe-kīuhēi-kǎwkèe-kǐubǎy-lòon
carrotǎng-chài-táoǎng-chài-tāolǒr-pǎkfǒong-lǒu-piètǎng-chài-hǒw
lamptēngtēngdāngtēndéng
rulerchìohchǐokchěktzhàtsìoh
hatbōhbǒrmóumòuloì
plasterliǎm-pǒrkōr-yǒk-pǒugāo-póugāo-pùkāo-yò-bǒu
watermelonsēe-kuāysēe-kwāirsāi-guāsēe-kuātài-kuáy
candlelǎ-zěklǎk-zěklǔp-zòklúp-zǒklǎh-ziàp
chillihiām-jīohiām-jiōhlǎt-jiēwlà-jiāowóon-jíoh
crabzhéemhoíháilǒw-hěihoì
orange juicechiǎm-ziǎpknāh-zǔptzáng-zùptzáng-zhěepsěng-ziàp
envelopepuāy-lóngsèng-huāngsǒhn-fōngsèen-fōongfwēe-lǒong
calendarlǎ-zèetlǎk-zèetyuět-lěkyěet-lětlǎh-jièt
butterflybuáy-yàhbwáir-yàhwǔ-dípfǒo-tiàpbuáy-yàh
ribbonlāy-bīnlāe-bīngsēe-dáilāy-bīnlāy-bìn
flip-flopschián-tuāoǐ-tuātōr-háitōw-hěiǒi-tàh
matchstickhuáy-páihwáir-chāfór-chǎifǒu-tzǎiwǎy-kuàt
ice cubesn̄g-kǎksn̄g-kǎkshēetshiět-kwàipēng-huǎi
kettletěh-kòrgǔng-jwée-lōwchǎ-wútǒng-pōudǎy-bǔn
hammertèe-tuítèe-tuīchǒi-záitěd-chwěehèe-hwěe
steamboatluán-lórjuáng-lōwtá-bīn-lǒufǒu-lǔtìoh-lǒu
love letterkuāy-něng-gǹggoī-něng-gǎokgāi-dǎn-ghuénkáe-chóon-kiǎngoī-nuǐ-kiàn
pineapple tartǒng-lǎi-tàtwǎng-lǎi-tàtwǒng-lái-tàtwǒng-lěe-tàtwǎng-lài-tàt



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